Problems Encountered in Translating Legal Contracts

Perspectives of Pakistani Law Students

Authors

  • Tahira Abdul Hakeem Lecturer, FAST National University, Karachi, Pakistan Author
  • Shazia Naz Lecturer, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16927913

Abstract

This study examined the most typical challenges Pakistani law students run into while translating law-based contracts and the solutions they come up with to deal with these problems. The researcher employed the descriptive analytical approach and the questionnaire tool to gather the data from the research sample to answer the research questions. The sample included the law students currently enrolled in their BA/LLB program at the School of Law, University of Karachi. The data were analysed via SPSS software. The findings revealed that law students find foreign words, legal abbreviations, and suitable equivalents as the most challenging part of translating legal documents. The findings also revealed that students mostly relied on legal drafters and dictionaries to overcome these challenges. The study's findings have significant consequences for translation instructors, writers of translation curricula, academic institutions, and language learners.

Keywords:

English to Urdu translation, Legal contracts, Legal translation challenges, Legal translation strategies, Pakistani law students

References

Ali, B., Sial, A. Q., & Hassan, M. (2021). Insertion of English Subject in LL. B Syllabus: A Critical Analysis. Review of Education, Administration & Law, 4(1), 125-132.

Alshaikh, N. (2022). Problems of Translating Legal Contracts: Perspectives of Saudi Translation Students. Journal of Politics and Law, 15(2).

Altakhaineh, A. R. M., Alghathian, G. A., & Jarrah, M. M. (2025). A comparative study of accuracy in human vs. AI translation of legal documents into Arabic. International Journal of Language & Law (JLL), 14, 63-80.

Awan, M. S., Mangrio, R., Ali, G., Shakur, N., Riaz, M., Khan, M. K., ... & Qasim, K. (2014). Literary Globalization and the Politics and Poetics of Translations. Literary Globalization and the Politics and Poetics of Translations, 3.

Bostanji, A. J. (2010). Legal translation in Saudi Arabia: A contrastive analysis of linguistic challenges encountered by practitioners (Doctoral dissertation, University of Western Sydney).

Brashi, A., & Abdel Latif, M. M. (2024). Teaching Arabic-English legal translation using model texts: a mixed-method study. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03837-1

Camelia, C. (2014). Errors and difficulties in translating legal texts. Management Strategies Journal, 26(4), 487-492.

Cao, D. (2007). Translating law (Vol. 33). Multilingual Matters.

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2002). Research methods in education. Routledge.

Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative (Vol. 7). Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Fargal, M., & Shunnaq, A. (1992). Major problems in legal translation. Babel, 38(4), 203-210.

Farghal, M., & Shunnaq, A. (1992). Major problems in students' translations of English legal texts into Arabic. Babel, 38(4), 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.38.4.03far

Frade, C. (2015). Legal Translation in Brazil: An Entextualization Approach. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law-Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique, 28(1), 107-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-014-9357-x

Hargitt, S. (2013). What could be gained in translation: Legal language and lawyer- linguists a globalized world. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 20(1), 425-447. https://doi.org/10.2979/indjglolegstu.20.1.425

Harvey, M. (2002). What’s so special about legal translation?. Meta, 47(2), 177-185. https://doi.org/10.7202/008007ar

Inayat, M., & Jami, J. A. (2022). Tailoring translation strategies in legal documents: An analysis of the Urdu translation of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Languages and Translation Studies, 10(1), 126-150.

Kanwal, N., Iqbal, M. J., & Mushtaq, M. (2022). Minimalist perspective on legal communication: a case study of English to Urdu translation of Punjab laws. Register Journal, 15(1), 64-90.

Karjo, C. H. (2016). Problems in translating legal English text into Indonesian. Arab World English Journal, 6(2), 352-364. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol6no2.27

Khan, L. A. (2014). Translation and culture: a comparative analysis of English idioms and proverbs with their Urdu translations. Pakistan Journal of Language and Translation Studies, 1, 58-83.

Klabal, O. (2024). Step-by-step approach to teaching legal translation: the case of understanding English legal texts. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 18(2), 212-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2024.2345559

Mammadzada, S. (2023). A review of existing transliteration approaches and methods. International Journal of Multilingualism, 20(3), 1052-1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2021.1958821

Metwally, A. (2022). An investigation of the translation of English culture-bound expressions into Arabic. International Journal of English Language Studies, 4(2), 13-21.

Munday, J. (2009). The Routledge companion to translation studies. Routledge.

Mushtaq, M., Iqbal, M. J., & Kanwal, N. (2021). Adjustment for Transitivity in Translation: An Analysis of the Punjab Laws in English and Urdu. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 5(2), 385-402. http://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2021(5-II)1.31

Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation (Vol. 66, pp. 1-312). New York: Prentice hall.

Nida, E. A. (1964). Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive.

Rahim, N. R. (2024). Google and legal translation: The case study of contracts. AWEJ for Translation & Literary Studies, 8(2).

Sofyan, R., & Rosa, R. N. (2021). Problems and strategies in translating legal texts. Humanus: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-ilmu Humaniora, 20(2), 221-232. https://doi.org/10.24036/humanus.v20i2.112233

Vermeer, H. J. (1996). A skopos theory of translation:(Some arguments for and against). Heidelberg: TextconText.

Yan, C., & Huang, J. (2014). The culture turn in translation studies. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 4(4), 487-494. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.44041

Zhao, W. (2022, March). Chinese-English subtitle translation strategies from the perspective of communicative translation theory: A case study of China from above by Knny Png and Klaus Toft. In 8th International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Inter-cultural Communication (ICELAIC 2021) (pp. 142-147). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220306.023

Published

2025-07-15

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Hakeem, T. A., & Naz, S. (2025). Problems Encountered in Translating Legal Contracts: Perspectives of Pakistani Law Students. IARCD Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(1), 01-09. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16927913